Les gains de productivité au moyen de l’usage des technologies de l’information : l’expérience australienne

Cette étude fait appel à un cadre de la comptabilité de la croissance pour comparer la contribution des technologies de l’information à l’accélération de la productivité du travail en Australie et aux États-Unis. En utilisant les États-Unis comme repère, la présente étude attribue jusqu’à 0,3 point de pourcentage de cette accélération de 1 point de pourcentage aux technologies de l’information. Les technologies de l’information n’ont pas eu d’effet net sur l’intensité du capital puisque leur hausse a remplacé les autres formes de capital. La contribution des technologies de l’information est attribuable à la restructuration des entreprises et à l’innovation de produits et procédés qu’elle a rendue possible. Jusqu’ici les gains ont été concentrés dans les services de la distribution (particulièrement le commerce de gros) et des services financiers.This paper uses a growth accounting framework to compare the contribution of information technology to productivity accelerations in Australia and the USA. Using the USA as a benchmark, this study attributes up to 0.3 of a percentage point of Australia’s one percentage point acceleration in labour productivity growth to information technology. Information technology has had no net effect on capital deepening, as increased use of information technology has substituted for other forms of capital. The contribution of information technology is attributed to gains from business restructuring and innovations in product and process that they enable. The gains to date have been concentrated in distribution (especially wholesaling) and financial services

Information Technology and Australia’s Productivity Surge

This paper finds that the rapid update of information and communication technologies contributed to Australia’s strong productivity performance in the 1990s and the contribution to labour productivity growth was at least as strong as it was in the US. Australia generated a productivity improvement of 1.1 per cent from information and communication technology use and other factors.information technology - communications - productivity - IT - ICT - capital - computer - growth accounting

A primer on digital productivity: an introduction to some of the basic concepts of how digitisation affects productivity growth

As part of its work on analysing digital productivity, the Bureau of Communications Research (BCR) has released the first part of a leading project to understand how digitisation affects Australia’s productivity and the nation’s economy. A key tool for policy officers and decision-makers, the Digital Productivity Primer looks at how ICT and digitisation affects productivity, why productivity matters, how digital transformation impacts productivity and tools for measuring the productivity gains from digitisation. Next steps are to release a Labour Productivity Impacts Report in July and firm case studies in December 2015

Labour’s share of growth in income and prosperity

The paper is about the sources of growth in income in Australia and the effects of structural change on the distribution of income between labour and capital. The main objective is to find an explanation for the fall in the labour share of income in Australia in the 2000s. Key points The labour share of income fell by 4 or more percentage points in the 2000s. However, labour was no worse off in the process. Labour income grew at a faster rate in the 2000s than in the 1990s through stronger growth in both wages and employment. The labour income share only fell because capital income growth accelerated even more. The rise in the terms of trade meant that product prices rose faster than consumer prices. While labour received a smaller share of income at product prices, the slower growth in consumer prices meant that the real value of each dollar earned was worth more in terms of its purchasing power. This purchasing power effect (which was available to all income earners) more than outweighed the apparent reduction in labour\u27s share of national income. The large rise in Australia\u27s terms of trade brought strong growth in real income —even stronger than the growth in the \u27productivity decade\u27 of the 1990s. This provided scope for growth in both labour and capital income to rise. Other high-income countries also experienced a decline in the labour income share, but driven by a different set of factors. In other countries, growth in labour income has suffered. The mining boom was overwhelmingly responsible for the fall in labour share in Australia: Development of mining and associated capacity added to the economy\u27s capital stock, leading to more capital-intensive production overall. Higher output prices for minerals (and construction) reduced the real cost of labour so that growth in real wages fell behind labour productivity growth. The two other industries most affected by the mining boom — Construction and Manufacturing — served to increase the labour income share. In Manufacturing, a slowdown in capital income growth meant the industry contributed more to labour income than to capital income at the aggregate level. Construction had stronger growth in capital income than in labour income. However, because the industry is labour intensive, growth in Construction\u27s labour income had a greater effect on aggregate labour income than growth in its capital income had on aggregate capital income. As the terms of trade now decline, the labour income share will rise. But with a more capital-intensive economy, the share is unlikely to revert fully to previous levels. Action to restore the old labour income share or to recover \u27lost\u27 income share through wage rises would probably only have adverse consequences for employment and inflation and for industries already facing adjustment pressures. With the prospect of declining terms of trade, a focus on productivity growth will be the way to sustain growth in real wages

Distribution of the Economic Gains of the 1990s

„h Australia¡¦s surge in productivity growth in the 1990s fuelled an acceleration in growth in total income and average income (income per person in Australia). ¡V Annual average income growth accelerated from 1.4 per cent in the 1970s and 1980s to 2.5 per cent in the 1990s. ¡V Faster productivity growth accounted for over 90 per cent of the acceleration. „h The income growth of the 1990s was distributed evenly between labour (wages and salaries) and capital (profits). The labour and capital shares in economywide income were stable throughout the 1990s. Concerns that productivity-enhancing factors have adversely affected the income-earning potential of labour appear to be unfounded at the aggregate level.economic gains - distribution - living standards - income - productivity - employment - wealth - consumption - education - health - housing - environment - working hours

Migration: the economic debate

Over the last seventy years, immigration has added seven million people to Australia’s population and will, if current policy settings continue, add a further thirteen million by 2060. The current focus of the migration program on skilled migration, while maintaining opportunities for family and humanitarian immigration, is perceived to have served Australia well. However, key policies in the migration program, when added to the rise of extremist politicians in Australia and globally, have the potential to undermine its community acceptance with respect to the economic benefits for the nation. In particular, an overreliance on poorly regulated market driven components of the program and the very substantial pools of relatively unregulated temporary migrants create opportunities for exploitation and have significant consequences for incumbent workers. CEDA believes that Australia’s migration program has played an important role in the nation’s economic success. The almost unprecedented twenty-five years of economic expansion was facilitated by a responsive migration program that was able to access skills and labour needed to handle the largest terms of trade boom in a century. It also connects Australian businesses with global talent and new trade opportunities. This policy perspective examines what changes in public policy with respect to the migration program are necessary to sustain its contribution to Australia’s economic development and social cohesion and to maintain community support

Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging of Musculoskeletal Tissues Using a Conventional X-Ray Tube

In conventional projection radiography, cartilage and other soft tissues do not produce enough radiographic contrast to be distinguishable from each other. Diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) uses a monochromatic x-ray beam and a silicon crystal analyzer to produce images in which attenuation contrast is greatly enhanced and x-ray refraction at tissue boundaries can be detected. Here we test the efficacy of conventional x-ray tube-based DEI for the detection of soft tissues in experimental samples

A TLR/AKT/FoxO3 immune tolerance–like pathway disrupts the repair capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitors

Cerebral white matter injury (WMI) persistently disrupts myelin regeneration by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). We identified a specific bioactive hyaluronan fragment (bHAf) that downregulates myelin gene expression and chronically blocks OPC maturation and myelination via a tolerance-like mechanism that dysregulates pro-myelination signaling via AKT. Desensitization of AKT occurs via TLR4 but not TLR2 or CD44. OPC differentiation was selectively blocked by bHAf in a maturation-dependent fashion at the late OPC (preOL) stage by a noncanonical TLR4/TRIF pathway that induced persistent activation of the FoxO3 transcription factor downstream of AKT. Activated FoxO3 selectively localized to oligodendrocyte lineage cells in white matter lesions from human preterm neonates and adults with multiple sclerosis. FoxO3 constraint of OPC maturation was bHAf dependent, and involved interactions at the FoxO3 and MBP promoters with the chromatin remodeling factor Brg1 and the transcription factor Olig2, which regulate OPC differentiation. WMI has adapted an immune tolerance–like mechanism whereby persistent engagement of TLR4 by bHAf promotes an OPC niche at the expense of myelination by engaging a FoxO3 signaling pathway that chronically constrains OPC differentiation

A TLR/AKT/FoxO3 immune tolerance–like pathway disrupts the repair capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitors

Cerebral white matter injury (WMI) persistently disrupts myelin regeneration by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). We identified a specific bioactive hyaluronan fragment (bHAf) that downregulates myelin gene expression and chronically blocks OPC maturation and myelination via a tolerance-like mechanism that dysregulates pro-myelination signaling via AKT. Desensitization of AKT occurs via TLR4 but not TLR2 or CD44. OPC differentiation was selectively blocked by bHAf in a maturation-dependent fashion at the late OPC (preOL) stage by a noncanonical TLR4/TRIF pathway that induced persistent activation of the FoxO3 transcription factor downstream of AKT. Activated FoxO3 selectively localized to oligodendrocyte lineage cells in white matter lesions from human preterm neonates and adults with multiple sclerosis. FoxO3 constraint of OPC maturation was bHAf dependent, and involved interactions at the FoxO3 and MBP promoters with the chromatin remodeling factor Brg1 and the transcription factor Olig2, which regulate OPC differentiation. WMI has adapted an immune tolerance–like mechanism whereby persistent engagement of TLR4 by bHAf promotes an OPC niche at the expense of myelination by engaging a FoxO3 signaling pathway that chronically constrains OPC differentiation